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Moringa Oleifera
(Member of the Moringaceae family) |
This website is mostly regarding the Moringa Oleifera but there are other Species of Moringa (13 Moringa Species), few are cultivated outside their native habitats.
Moringa Oleifera (syn. M. pterygosperma) – horseradish tree (Indigenous to northwestern India)
Moringa Concanensis Nimmo (Indigenous to northern India)
Moringa Peregrina (indigenous to Arabian Peninsula Horn of Africa and in the Southern Sinai, Egypt)
Moringa endemic to certain areas of Africa and exist nowhere else in the world.
Moringa native to Madagascar
Moringa native to parts of Africa called "bottle trees". Their lower trunks swell to impressive size to hoard water in their arid native lands.
Moringa Oleifera (syn. M. pterygosperma) – horseradish tree (Indigenous to northwestern India)
Moringa Concanensis Nimmo (Indigenous to northern India)
Moringa Peregrina (indigenous to Arabian Peninsula Horn of Africa and in the Southern Sinai, Egypt)
Moringa endemic to certain areas of Africa and exist nowhere else in the world.
- Moringa Arborea (Indigenous to Kenya)
- Moringa Borziana (Indigenous to Somalia)
- Moringa Longituba (Indigenous to Ethiopia and Somalia)
- Moringa Pygmaea (Indigenous to Somalia)
- Moringa Rivae (Indigenous to Kenya and Ethiopia)
- Moringa Ruspoliana (Indigenous to Ethiopia)
Moringa native to Madagascar
- Moringa Drouhardii
- Moringa Hildebrandtii
Moringa native to parts of Africa called "bottle trees". Their lower trunks swell to impressive size to hoard water in their arid native lands.
- Moringa Drouhardii (Indigenous to southwestern Madagascar)
- Moringa Hildebrandtii a/k/a Hildebrandt's moringa (Indigenous to southwestern Madagascar)
- Moringa Ovalifolia (indigenous to Namibia and Angola)
- Moringa Stenopetala (indigenous to Kenya and Ethiopia)
Moringa oleifera is a small tree with broad, spreading branches and fragrant, cream-colored or white flowers that bloom on long, drooping panicles. The umbrella-shaped canopy is open and sometimes appears sparse, making the tree less useful for shade. Moringa has a straight trunk with cork-like bark. The seeds start out light green, maturing to dark green pods with hard shells and a trio of papery "wings." (May be evergreen or semi-deciduous.)
Cultivation:
- Plant Moringa trees 8 to 10 feet apart in a part of the yard that receives full sun.
- To make a hedgerow of Moringa trees, plant them as close as 6 inches apart.
- Moringa trees require soil acidity of between 6.1 and 7.5.
- Moringa trees grow easily from cuttings or from seeds.
- Rooted cuttings often bloom within a few months, and may set fruit the first year.
- Plant mature seeds any time of year.
- Keep the planting bed moist but not wet until the seedlings or cuttings are old enough to become well established in the garden.
- Moringa adapts easily to life in a container and can be pruned to control height and shape.
NOTES:
- Overwatering Moringa trees can lead to root rots.
- Trees may be subject to fruitfly and aphid infestations.
- Cercospora leafspot and rust diseases cause leaf mottling.
- Moringas have deep tap roots so water thoroughly using drip irrigation, if available, when the surface of the soil is dry. Infrequent, deep watering is better than frequent, shallow watering.
Uses:
Almost all parts of the tree are edible:
Moringa Ground Pods:
Almost all parts of the tree are edible:
- Tree roots, which taste like horseradish
- Leaves
- Flowers
- Buds
- Tender shoots.
- B Vitamins
- Vitamins C
- ProVitamin A as Beta-Carotene
- Vitamin K
- Manganese
- Potassium
- Protein
- Calcium
- Cooked as a vegetable
- Steeped for tea
- Cattle Feed and other livestock
Moringa Ground Pods:
- Used in curries
- extract for oil
- Used in cooking
- Used in Perfumes
- Used in Soaps
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Database
(Learn more click here)
(Learn more click here)
Wikipedia References
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- ^ "Moringa Adans". TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2009-12-30.
- ^ Singh, Maavi. "My Mom Cooked Moringa Before It Was A Superfood". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
- ^ Olson, Mark (2010). "Moringaceae Martinov. Drumstick Tree Family" (PDF). Flora of North America. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 7: 167–169.
- ^ Janick, Jules; Robert E. Paull (2008). The Encyclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. CABI. pp. 509–510. ISBN 978-0-85199-638-7.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Leone A, Spada A, Battezzati A, Schiraldi A, Aristil J, Bertoli S (2015). "Cultivation, Genetic, Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Moringa oleiferaLeaves: An Overview". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 16 (6): 12791–12835. doi:10.3390/ijms160612791. PMC 4490473. PMID 26057747.
- ^ Dadamouny, M.A. (2009). (2009). Population Ecology of Moringa peregrina growing in Southern Sinai, Egypt (M.Sc.). doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.5091.9760. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
- ^ Dadamouny, Mohamed A.; Unterseher, Martin; König, Peter; Schnittler, Martin (December 2016). "Population performance of Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori (Moringaceae) at Sinai Peninsula, Egypt in the last decades: Consequences for its conservation". Journal for Nature Conservation. 34: 65–74. doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2016.08.005.
- ^ "Subordinate Taxa of Moringa Adans". TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2009-12-30.
- ^ Dadamouny, Mohamed A.; Zaghloul, Mohamed S.; Ashraf, Salman (2012). "Impact of Improved Soil Properties on Establishment of Moringa peregrina seedlings and trial to decrease its Mortality Rate". Egyptian Journal of Botany. Retrieved 2012-07-03.
- Florida Nursery, Growers and Landscape Association. FNGLA Certified Horticulture Professional Manual.
- Tompkins, Peter. The Secret Life of Plants. 1973. Harper & Row Publishers.
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Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 11 December 2017. - "Moringa oleifera (horseradish tree)". CABI. 17 September 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
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- Mpagi., Kalibbala, Herbert (2012). Removal of natural organic matter and control of trihalomethanes formation in water treatment. Stockholm: Architecture and the Built Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology. ISBN 9789175013237. OCLC 939795543.
- Olson, Mark E (2010). Moringaceae Martinov; Drumstick Tree Family; In: Flora of North America, North of Mexico, Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Dilleniidae, Part 2. Oxford University Press. p. 168. ISBN 978- 0195318227.
- "Horseradish tree". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
- Parotta, John A. (1993). "Moringa oleifera Lam. Reseda, horseradish tree. Moringaceae. Horseradish tree family" (PDF). USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
- Ted Radovich (2011). C.R. Elevitch (ed.). "Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing Profile for Moringa (revised February 2011)" (PDF). In: Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry.
- Amaglo, N. (2006). "How to Produce Moringa Leaves Efficiently?" (PDF). Retrieved 19 November 2013.
- Iqbal, Shahid; Bhanger, M.I. (2006). "Effect of season and production location on antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera leaves grown in Pakistan". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 19 (6–7): 544–551. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2005.05.001.
- Grubben, G (2004). Grubben, G. J. H. (ed.). Vegetables. 2 (Plant resources of tropical Africa ed.). p. 394. ISBN 978- 9057821479. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
- Booth, F.E.M.; Wickens, G.E., 1988: Non-timber Uses of Selected Arid Zone Trees and Shrubs in Africa, p.98, FAO, Rome "[1]".Retrieved 20-11-2013.
- Ramachandran, C.; Peter, K. V.; Gopalakrishnan, P. K. (1980). "Drumstick (Moringa oleifera): A multipurpose Indian vegetable". Economic Botany. 34 (3): 276– 283. doi:10.1007/BF02858648.
- Sogbo, K. A. (2006). "Moringa Leaf Farming Systems: Conditions for Profitability and Sustainability" (PDF). Retrieved 19 November 2013.
- Leone A, Spada A, Battezzati A, Schiraldi A, Aristil J, Bertoli S (2015). "Cultivation, Genetic, Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Moringa oleifera Leaves: An Overview". Int J Mol Sci. 16 (6): 12791–835. doi:10.3390/ijms160612791. PMC 4490473. PMID 26057747.
- C. Gopalan; B. V. Rama Sastri; S. C. Balasubramanian (1971). Nutritive Value of Indian Foods. Hyderabad: National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research. pp. 66, 78. OCLC 2387900.
- "Horseradish-tree, leafy tips, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt". Nutritiondata.com. Condé Nast. 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
- K.V. Peter (2008). Underutilized and Underexploited Horticultural Crops:, Volume 4. New India Publishing. p. 112. ISBN 978-81- 89422-90-5.
- Olson, M. E.; Carlquist, S. (2001). "Stem and root anatomical correlations with life form diversity, ecology, and systematics in Moringa (Moringaceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 135 (4): 315–348. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2001.tb00786.x.
- Elizabeth Schneider (2001). Vegetables from Amaranth to Zucchini: The Essential Reference. HarperCollins. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-688-15260-4.
- "Horseradish-tree, pods, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt". 2012. Nutritiondata.com. Condé Retrieved 6 May 2013.
- Lea, Michael (2010). Bioremediation of Turbid Surface Water Using Seed Extract from Moringa oleifera Lam. (Drumstick) Tree. Current Protocols in Microbiology. Chapter 1. pp. Unit1G.2. doi:10.1002/9780471729259.mc01g02s16. ISBN 978-0471729259. PMID 20131221.
- Rashid, Umer; Anwar, Farooq; Moser, Bryan R.; Knothe, Gerhard (2008). "Moringa oleifera oil: A possible source of biodiesel". Bioresource Technology. 99 (17): 8175–9. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.03.066. PMID 18474424.
- Atawodi, S. E.; Atawodi, J. C.; Idakwo, G. A.; Pfundstein, B; Haubner, R; Wurtele, G; Bartsch, H; Owen, R. W. (2010). "Evaluation of the polyphenol content and antioxidant properties of methanol extracts of the leaves, stem, and root barks of Moringa oleifera Lam". Journal of Medicinal Food. 13 (3): 710–6. doi:10.1089/jmf.2009.0057. PMID 20521992.
- Kumar, H. D. (1 January 2004). "Management of Nutritional and Health Needs of Malnourished and Vegetarian People in India". In Cooper, Edwin L.; Yamaguchi, Nobuo (eds.). Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Biomedicine. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 546. Springer US. pp. 311–321. doi:10.1007/978-1- 4757-4820-8_23. ISBN 978-1-4419-3441-3.
- "Traditional Crop of the Month". FAO. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
- Oduro I, Ellis WO, Owusu D (2008). "Nutritional potential of two leafy vegetables: Moringa oleifera and Ipomoea batatas leaves". Scientific Research and Essay. 3 (2).
- "My Mom Cooked Moringa Before It Was A Superfood" (Podcast). NPR. 21 September 2015. Event occurs at 5:02 AM ET. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
- "Moringa oleifera". Memorial Sloan- Kettering Cancer Center. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
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- Sandoval, Mark Anthony S.; Jimeno, Cecilia A. (2013). "Effect of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) Capsules on Lipid and Glucose Levels" (PDF). Acta Medica Philippina. 47 (3): 22–27.
- Madukwe, E.U. (June 2013). "Nutrient Composition and Sensory Evaluation of Dry Moringa Oleifera Aqueous Extract" (PDF). International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS.
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- Mahajan SG, Mali RG, Mehta AA (2007). "Protective effect of ethanolic extract of seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam. against inflammation associated with development of arthritis in rats". J Immunotoxicol. 4 (1): 39–47. doi:10.1080/15476910601115184. PMID 18958711.
- T orondel, B.; Opare, D.; Brandberg, B.; Cobb, E.; Cairncross, S. (2014). "Efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf powder as a hand- washing product: A crossover controlled study among healthy volunteers". BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 14: 57. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-14-57. PMC 3930822. PMID 24528477.
- Gold, Moritz; Dayer, Pauline; Faye, Marie Christine Amie Sene; Clair, Guillaume; Seck, Alsane; Niang, Seydou; Morgenroth, Eberhard; Strande, Linda (18 April 2016). "Locally produced natural conditioners for dewatering of faecal sludge". Environmental Technology. 37 (21): 2802–2814. doi:10.1080/09593330.2016.1165293. ISSN 0959-3330. PMC 5020332. PMID 26984372.
- Ndabigengesere, Anselme; Narasiah, K.Subba; Talbot, Brian G. (February 1995). "Active agents and mechanism of coagulation of turbid waters using Moringa oleifera". Water Research. 29 (2): 703–710. doi:10.1016/0043- 1354(94)00161-Y .
- Hellsing, Maja S.; Kwaambwa, Habauka M.; Nermark, Fiona M.; Nkoane, Bonang B.M.; Jackson, Andrew J.; Wasbrough, Matthew J.; Berts, Ida; Porcar, Lionel; Rennie, Adrian R. (2013). "Structure of flocs of latex particles formed by addition of protein from Moringa seeds". Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 460: 460–467. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.11.038.
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Wikipedia External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moringa.
Wikispecies has information related to Moringa
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moringa.
Wikispecies has information related to Moringa
- Moringa Home Page, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- The International Moringa Germplasm Collection
Potential Adverse Effects
Various adverse effects may occur from consuming moringa bark, roots, or flowers and their extracts, as these components contain chemicals that appear to be toxic when eaten. Moringa should not be used concurrently with prescription drugs affecting cytochrome P450 (including CYP3A4), the diabetes drug sitagliptin, or during pregnancy. Please consult your healthcare physician before taking moringa in any form.
Various adverse effects may occur from consuming moringa bark, roots, or flowers and their extracts, as these components contain chemicals that appear to be toxic when eaten. Moringa should not be used concurrently with prescription drugs affecting cytochrome P450 (including CYP3A4), the diabetes drug sitagliptin, or during pregnancy. Please consult your healthcare physician before taking moringa in any form.
Water Purification
Moringa seed cake, obtained as a byproduct of pressing seeds to obtain oil, is used to filter water using flocculation to produce potable water for animal or human consumption. Moringa seeds contain dimeric cationic proteins which absorb and neutralize colloidal charges in turbid water, causing the colloidal particles to clump together, making the suspended particles easier to remove as sludge by either settling or filtration. Moringa seed cake removes most impurities from water. This use is of particular interest for being nontoxic and sustainable compared to other materials in moringa-growing regions where drinking water is affected by pollutants.
Moringa seed cake, obtained as a byproduct of pressing seeds to obtain oil, is used to filter water using flocculation to produce potable water for animal or human consumption. Moringa seeds contain dimeric cationic proteins which absorb and neutralize colloidal charges in turbid water, causing the colloidal particles to clump together, making the suspended particles easier to remove as sludge by either settling or filtration. Moringa seed cake removes most impurities from water. This use is of particular interest for being nontoxic and sustainable compared to other materials in moringa-growing regions where drinking water is affected by pollutants.